Parisj18's Blog

Stand Up, and Be Heard – Activist Project

paris j — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 05:18:01 +0000

Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Mahatma Ghandi, Rosa parks, and that’s just to name a few of activists who stood up for what they believed in regardless if all odds were against them. ”An activist is someone who takes action in support of or opposition to a cause.” (Smith 2003) Being an activist has always been a present position in society, going as far back to when Jesus Christ was here on earth. Jesus himself was an activist, and went against the current to express and teach what he believed.

Girls Education & Mentoring Services

Searching days now, I have finally found a cause that I found interesting and felt a connection to, it is called GEMS (Girls Education & Mentoring Services). Rachel Lloyd is the activist and founder for this cause and fight against sex trafficking and sexual exploitation. This cause was founded in 1999 and was drawn from Rachel Llyod’s experience in sexual exploitation as a teen. I strongly believe in the improvement of self, confidence and gaining knowledge. It is sad to see the things young girls go through in world, growing up without parents, being raped, beaten, and put down daily. The empowerment of women should start at a young age, so the strength gained can be nurtured and tested without the girl feeling broken.

I connect this traumatic issue to the mythology received for visual ads from the media, and how it specifically targets the spongy minds of the young with its discreet speech through ads. In some music videos, young girls getting degraded from girls stripped down to their underwear to having credit cards being swiped between their ass cheeks. The attention the girls in the video receive is something that the female viewers want to experience, so when they are involved in sexual exploitation and trafficking, hoping to experience the satisfaction of having that attention they go as far as to sell their souls. The media inevitably captures the minds of the young people in the world, and fighting for this cause will express the negative impact it can have on the lifestyles of many. Girls grow up being dissatisfied with how they appear and the nurturer of our culture is the media, which holds many answers that are not always correct. That is the job of publicity to make the viewer or consumer feel disgruntled with their present state.

I support culture jamming because it will reveal the hidden message that we need to see in order to understand the full message and impact. I hope to soon contribute funds to this non-profitable organization, because I feel that the young people, especially young girls are often misled and misunderstood. We should break down the barriers and open up our hearts and express our love to these young ladies who are being rescued by a former victim. We can at times allow ourselves to be too open, John Swinton said it perfectly when he said, “we are intellectual prostitutes”, knowing the impact of the media but not being proactive to mend the mistakes it makes. We are too vulnerable to it, and its influence. Rachel has experienced the pain and horror and this project is to help young women find their voice in society.

Smith, S. E. “What is an Activist?” WiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions. 2003. 23 Nov. 2009 .
“Causes on Facebook | Girls Educational and Mentoring Services (GEMS).” Welcome to Facebook! | Facebook. 22 Nov. 2009 .
“YouTube – How The Fake News Works.” YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. 27 Feb. 2007. 23 Nov. 2009 .

To My Ill Figure – Culture Jamming

paris j — Mon, 23 Nov 2009 01:07:14 +0000

Culture Jamming is the twist and radical view publicly displayed about either a product or certain attitude caused by media. It is a like a parody mocking, but displaying the myth and the truth behind certain media aspects. Advertisements are always giving us feelings of dissatisfaction with our present state, and wanting us to feel that through their product we can become better people.

Seeing fashion advertisements many people want to be just like models within that fashion industry and gain the life they perceive from the pictures. The fashion industry can be one of the most self-damaging industries. Majority of people want to reach a point in their lives, where they have a sense of total control and the ability to intimidate others. “The runway symbolizes something in society that’s very intimidating to women.” (Tyra Banks), Tyra Banks understands the intimidation the industry contains but consumers and viewers will see this and believe once they get to that position they’ll be the envy of all, and in control and from then experience pure happiness and glamour. Ways of Seeing elaborates and further explains this secret hunger for envy that we all encounter due to publicity. “Its promise is not of pleasure, but of happiness: happiness as judged from the outside by others. The happiness of being envied is glamour. Being envied is a solitary form of reassurance.” (Berger 133)

The grass is not always greener on the other side and apart from the glamour seen in the ads and on television a lot of these models, especially women, face dissatisfaction with their bodies. They are constantly being told to improve their appearance and eventually gain a new perspective on what it is normal. Being identical to a twig, and unhealthy eating portions are strongly encouraged to these models and because they are so drawn into the glamour and the fast pace of everything they lack time to take care of their bodies. Some models will share their stories about what they faced and the changes they have seen in their bodies; however when consumers and viewers see these models looking extremely thin and picture perfect they go drastic measures to reach what they see all around them.

This is an example of culture jamming, expressing the sad truth behind the fashion industry.

To the right, I have a picture showing a young girl who looks unhealthy, and it is specifically a mockery of the Tommy Hilfiger brand. It is a visual campaign against the terror in causes young women physically and mentally. Culture Jamming is an eye opener because some of the messages it conveys the underlying message we do not always see on the surface.

Here is another visual example of Culture Jamming geared towards the fashion industry.

“Culture jamming.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 15 Nov 2009, 02:59 UTC. 22 Nov 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.phptitle=Culture_jamming&oldid=325910575>.
John., Berger,, and Et Al. Ways of Seeing (A Pelican Original). London: British Broadcasting Corp, 1972.
“YouTube – Culture Jamming – Gucci.” YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. 3 Sept. 2006. 23 Nov. 2009 .
“Tyra Banks Quotes.” Famous Quotes and Quotations at BrainyQuote. 23 Nov. 2009 .

Net Neutrality

paris j — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 07:26:19 +0000

There is a lot of tension between the well-known networks that provide us with internet, cable, and phone use. The argument revolves around on allowing consumers to access all Internet content or to let service providers discriminate in order to gain financial satisfaction through their partnerships. In an article Why You Should Care About Network Neutrality by Tim Wu he broke it down in a really interesting way to understand this battle of the network neutrality and how it holds the fate of the internet, “The fast-food chain discriminates. It has an exclusive deal with Pepsi, and that seems fine to pretty much everyone. Now, let’s think about the nation’s highways. How would you feel if I-95 announced an exclusive deal with General Motors to provide a special “rush-hour” lane for GM cars only? That seems intuitively wrong. But what, if anything, is the difference between KFC and I-95? And which is a better model for the Internet? Two obvious differences are market power and the availability of substitutes. KFC is a small fry, relatively, locked in competition with the likes of McDonald’s and Popeye’s. KFC sells Pepsi? So what? McDonald’s sells Coke.” (Wu 2006) The networks want to discriminate so it steers the consumers towards using certain websites and search engines they’re in partnership with to gain money. It shows how the media has blunt characteristics of communism, there is always an aspect of control involved. ”When who you know matters more than anything, the market is no longer meritocratic and consequently becomes less efficient. At the extreme, a market where centralized actors pick favorites isn’t a market at all, but a planned economy.” (Wu 2006) Service Providers can have a favourite search engine that will gain them money by each click and they will force all other search engines to run slowly so you have no other choice but to access their favourite search engine. By doing this the Service providers gain money as that search engine gains votes and increases their funds. The main issue is the desperation to discriminate and choose favourites. It is like there is a gang or someone in authority who uses their status to deteriorate their opponent to get what they want. Every bit of money made keeps the economy going and if one network is losing money it will have an effect, since the networks all want to discriminate and promote their beneficial favourites for the consumers. Having a neutral network may not give every company the money they want but it gives the consumers a choice, and allows the company’s to figure out safer ways to gain money. Net Neutrality does not allow your ISP (Internet Service Provider) to control the sites you use. AT&T and Verizon feel it necessary to discriminate in order to expand and grow, but what they are not realizing is that it also has a hand in killing the economy and tearing down the industry. Encourage other ways to gain money as you encourage the importance and safety of network neutrality.

Here is a short clip, that gives a visual aspect of what Net Neutrality and the main conflicts.

Wu, Tim. “Why you should care about network neutrality. – By Tim Wu -.” Slate Magazine. 1 May 2006. 22 Nov. 2009 .
“YouTube – Net Neutrality.” YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. 21 Apr. 2006. 22 Nov. 2009 .

It’s Only a Myth – Theory/Praxis

paris j — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 06:01:46 +0000

The influences of the media are extremely heavy, and I understand how unconsciously weak it can make you. I experience the strong belief in messages that media portrays. Visual advertisements are notorious for majority of my consumption persuasion. Myth is an element under the term semiotics which is the study of signs and symbols within media. Understanding the mythology that the media enforces and reproduces. Reading Roland Barthes, Myth Today he thoroughly expresses how myth is considered speech and the language is visuals like posters, paintings, objects etc. “Speech of this kind is a message. It is therefore by no means confined to oral speech. It can consist of modes of writing or of representations; not only written discourse, but also photography, cinema, reporting, sport, shows, publicity, all these can serve as a support to mythical speech. Myth can be defined neither by its object nor by its material, for any material can arbitrarily be endowed with meaning: the arrow which is brought in order to signify a challenge is also a kind of speech.” (Barthes 1) Being inevitably vulnerable to the language of mythology, we are spoken to daily and respond frequently, and at times to frequently.

When I watch commercials that star celebrities I admire I have this instant to what to go and purchase what they are promoting or support a cause just because I see they are promoting a cause. When I first saw Rihannas’ ‘Cover Girl Exact Eyelights” commercial I went to purchase one at the Shoppers Drugmart near my house, and I was not even thinking, I did not take the time to realize how quick I reacted. Signalic response was to purchase the product immediately. I wanted to feel that free feeling she felt as I watched her glow in the commercial. The myth in the commercial tells the viewers/consumers that you will experience that feeling of pure freedom once you wear the ‘Cover Girl Exact Eyelights’. It is because us as consumers have signalic response we don’t even take the time to consider all aspects like, do we need it, how is it beneficial etc. Rihanna’s appearance in commercial sends the message that if you buy this product she is wearing you will partially be like her, or gain some sort of status which is something our culture constantly yearns to gain, status. Ways of Seeing by John Berger expresses the purpose and goal of the language of mythology, “It Proposes to each of us that we transform ourselves, or our lives, by buying something more. This more, it proposes, will make us in some way richer – even though we will poorer by having spent our money.” (Berger 131) Through the language of the mythology speech it actually gives the message of temporary self-dissatisfaction “The purpose of publicity is to make the spectator marginally dissatisfied with his present way of life.” (Berger 142) Publicity is a part of the mythical language, as it enforces feelings, strikes signalic response from consumers.

This is the Cover Girl commercial that persuaded me to purchase the ‘Cover Girl Exact Eyelights’, mainly because it stars Rihanna.

Roland Barthes, “Myth Today”
John., Berger,, and Et Al. Ways of Seeing (A Pelican Original). London: British Broadcasting Corp, 1972.

Who’s in Authority Here? – Media Hegemonies

paris j — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 03:05:20 +0000

Who’s in authority? In this blog I want to take the opportunity to try and dissect what Media Hegemonies are and their role in our society. Over the past 3 months since I began my Mass Communication course I never understood the deep role media has in our lives and how it is the most popular, secretive, and segmented aspect in our lives. ”Hegemony tends to more often refer to the power of a single group in a society to essentially lead and dictate the other groups of the society.” (Ellis-Christensen 2004) Time Warner Incorporated is a company that are considered global leaders in media, business and entertainment. Time Warner Inc. has ownership over a lot of sub companies that are known in the media realm. Time Warner Inc. owns many cable, film, television, print, music, online, sports, retail and even have partnerships.

Here is a map I created to show the way Media Hegemony works.

Cross Media Ownership is a major factor in the formation of our culture. Cross Media is where one Company is in control, and delegates the actions of the company’s under its’ ownership. They all have the same job and abilities but who ever has the more interactive, and creative approach will gain the most attention. In Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity, Lawrence Lessig spoke about a theory that Walt Disney used “In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity form the culture around him, mixed that creativity, with his own extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix and burn.” (Lessig 24) Lessig’s ’rip, mix, and burn’ theory has an extreme relation to Media Hegemony/Cross Media Owner ship. These dominating companies must know what the people want, and I found that their approach is very much like the ‘rip, mix, burn’ theory. They have to analyze the culture surrounding and rip it, mix their new spin and creativity, and distribute and burn it into the public. The companies under the control are told what to display to the public. Whenever we get news it is just facts that are distributed in a way they want to be heard, and sadly this plays into the continuation of receiving fake news. In Toxic Sludge is Good for You, Stauber and Rampton understand, and enforce how a democracy is supposed to operate “Democracies function best without invisible Men” ( Stauber, Rampton 16). Media has so many layers that are unknown to the public and it could be true that the media is slowly killing our culture, only for the simple reason of disclosing deserving information.

Take a look at this video I posted sourced from YouTube, it will give visual understanding of the rip, mix, and burn theory and how Media Hegemonies work.

“YouTube – How to Explain Cultural Hegemony.” YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. 19 Nov. 2009 .

Media Giants: Who owns what? July 2004. Think & Ask. 16 Nov. 2009 .

Ellis-Christensen, Tricia. What is Hegemony? 2003. WiseGEEK. 16 Nov. 2009 .

Lessig, Lawrence. Free Culture: The Nature and Future of Creativity. New York: Penguin (Non-Classics), 2005. 24.

Stauber, John C., and Sheldon Rampton. Toxic sludge is good for you lies, damn lies, and the public relations industry. Monroe, ME: Common Courage P, 1995.

We’re in Your Life and You Don’t Even know It – Fake News

paris j — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 16:16:06 +0000

Have you played the classic game Broken Telephone? It all starts with a message passed on from a main source onto a next until it reaches the last person who is the distributer of the information. Usually at the end of “telephone line” the message is not necessarily what the source produced. I think that the operation of PR and Journalism share similarities to the Broken Telephone game, because the PR’s pass the news stations the information. The information is not necessarily the initial information because when it gets to the news stations it becomes fabricated and at times it becomes watered down to be easily receptive to the viewers. Just like the person at the end of the telephone line, the journalist distributes the news to the public but it is not always what the initial information is.

Another factor that may play into the distribution of fake news is the precise, strict deadlines. Living in a fast paced society plus a very competitive business the quality of the news is easily forgotten or not taken as seriously as it should. In Sex, Drugs and Cocoa Puffs, Klosterman expresses his theory as to why we receive the quality of news we receive. ”That’s why the biggest influence on the content of most news stories is simply who calls back first. Most of the time, that’s the catalyst for everything else that evolves into a news story. Since the breaking the news is a competition-based industry, almost everything is done on deadline – and since journalism is founded on the premise that reality can only be shown through other people’s statements, reporters are constantly placing phone calls to multiple sources with the hope that all of them (or at least one of them) will give the obligatory quotes the writer can turn into a narrative. That’s why the first person who happens to return a persons phone message dictates whatever becomes the “final truth” of any story” (Klosterman 206). Klosterman also states, bluntly, how false news can become, “Newspapers are constantly quoting people who are openly lying, and almost every sound bite you hear in the broadcast media is partially false. And there’s nothing anyone can do about it. It’s not that the truth is being ignored; it’s just that the truth is inevitably combined with a bunch of crap that’s supposed to make news stories unbiased and credible, but really just makes them longer and less clear.” (Klosterman 209) The sad thing about all this, is that we somewhat know how corrupt the news industry can be but yet still we are extremely submissive to it, but do we have a choice? Should we take upon ourselves as curious citizens to find out what is really going on as we push aside the entertainment news, and the actors presenting it to us?

As viewers become slaves to the world of news and hang on its every word, it creates a feeling of depth and truth because of the fabricated approach the world of news has. As humans we are easily drawn to what looks good, most of the time and lean heavily and rely heavily on the appearance and not the quality. The impact of fake news is so scary that we could be knowledgeable of the false news we receive but as it’s presented glamorously and continuously repeated we begin to believe what is being broadcasted for the wrong reasons. Since the 1980′s VNRs have been a medium often created by PR firms to transfer information to the news stations in order for them to use it in their broadcast segments. VNRs are created to sculpt public opinion, to inform, and to draw specific publicity to an individual. People who are in your life and involved create these videos in many daily choices without your knowledge.

In Toxic Sludge is Good For You it unveils the truth and history behind the Public Relations industry, and it forces absolute transparency for the reader to experience. Stauber and Rampton let the reader know that the Public Relations industries are have extreme impact in the everyday lives of us all. “You have never voted for a politician who campaigned on a pledge that he would work to limit your access to information about the food you eat. You never voted for Ketchum PR, and, if you are like most people, you’ve never heard of them. You never gave your consent for them to become involved in your life, and in return, they have never bothered to ask for your consent. After all, they’re not working for you. They’re working for the California Raisin Advisory board” (Stauber, Rampton 10). The PR industry is massive, controlling and invisible and its role is even more distinct especially in the democratic areas of the world where free, open participation and action is promoted. “Democracies function best without invisible Men” (Stauber, Rampton 16), so don’t you think that fake news has a huge hand in the democratic society we live in? Especially in North America? There is too much hidden and it is adding fuel to this corrupted fire. Stauber and Rampton’s purpose is to express the truth that is often looked past. . “We want the public at large to recognize the skilled propagandists of the industry and government who are affecting public opinion…” (Stauber, Rampton 16). It’s terrifying to now know the dominant presence of fake news, what do you think?

So like I stated in the beginning in the game of “Broken Telephone” you couldn’t repeat what you said to the receiving person, once the information is received you have to keep going and determine your next move by being on the receiving end of false information.

Work Cited

Stauber, John, Sheldon Rampton, and Mark Dowie. Toxic sludge is good for you lies, damn lies, and the public relations industry. Monroe, ME: Common Courage P, 1995.

Klosterman, Chuck. Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs A Low Culture Manifesto. New York: Scribner, 2004.

“Video news release.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 28 Oct 2009, 02:43 UTC. 19 Nov 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_news_release&oldid=322466022>.

“YouTube – How The Fake News Works.” YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. 19 Nov. 2009 .

Book of Faces – Participatory Culture

paris j — Tue, 13 Oct 2009 06:06:27 +0000

Living in a world where participatory culture is dominant, everyone can have a chance to be a consumer and a prosumer, which is the producer or publisher. There are many different ways to be involved in the participatory culture, the main medium to convey the media produced by a consumer/prosumer would be the internet. Youtube is an extremely popular and easy way to enter into this new portion of our culture, you can freely post videos broadcasting yourself or other interesting things that you want to gain attention towards; however Facebook is a very popular site where you can post videos, notes, opinions, create friendships and learn how to network. Facebook is like a convenient store for me, it has everything in one area. If a consumer has their own business, they can network and promote it through groups and events on facebook, and have the power to choose their target audience. I use Facebook consistently everyday to post opinions, notes, picture, and videos with a reassurance from the Facebook friends that they acknowledge and love what I do. What makes it so addicting is that you are given a chance to be slightly vulnerable and open without feeling like you have any social boundaries. News sources can and have become very biased and unfair because anyone and everyone can voice their opinion once you’re apart of the participatory culture. Social networking within the participatory culture you have a new control, you have the opportunity to become a grand influence in the lives and thoughts of many. Leave your comments and explain your role in the participatory culture.

Social Network.

I Need It, Gotta Have It – Buy Nothing Day

paris j — Tue, 13 Oct 2009 04:40:26 +0000

Everything from video games, to cars, the consumers today are the most driven and persuaded by the media. Many people consume more than they can afford, and end up in debt. Society is so driven by materialism we go to great lengths to purchase items that are not affordable, and we tend to think in the short-term and not the long term. There are some many things that can be effected from this day, we can gain a better understanding of what it is to not have the freedom to buy whatever we please and be extremely frugal for that short period of time. Will there be a strike against companies that rely heavily on the consumers (which is the majority of companies)? The money that will be fluid is the money gained through visual and television advertisements that are consistently seen regardless of the holiday; even though there will be no physical consumption the day following ‘Buy Nothing Day’ and consumers will become thirsting spectators ready to purchase all the things they wished to purchase on ‘Buy Nothing Day’ and more. So will it even be beneficial to our economy and financial values?

Sure you can spend, but spend wisely!

CNN, Buy Nothing Day

Work Cited.

www.youtube.com. 05 Nov. 2008. 12 Oct. 2009 .
www.youtube.com. 29 Oct. 2007. 12 Oct. 2009

Everything Under One Umbrella – Mass Media

paris j — Mon, 12 Oct 2009 23:59:53 +0000

Mass Media? What is it really? I never really knew what mass media before I entered into my Mass Communication class. When I thought of Media my mind focused on a very specific area within the media and it was the journalism portion. I used to think that Mass Media was everything involved in creating a news broadcast for example news print, camera crew, anchor men etc. I never viewed the term ‘Mass Media’ through a broader lens.

Media is a plural for medium, and the medium is the message so things like the internet, radio, television the medium is the “vehicle” that tranports the media. Even though I’m still trying to grasp the term ‘media’ and what it really is, so far I believe that media is anything with a message and the medium is the transporter of the message to the spectators and/or consumers. Mass means a large amount of material, so Mass Media would be a term to coincide all forms of media under one umbrella. What do you think? Leave comments as we help one another understand our knowledge of this every relevant term.

The video below will probably help you get a better understanding of my opinion of mass media. It is a music compilation from the Jabowokees.

Work Cited

03 Apr. 2008. Youtube. 12 Oct. 2009 .

Strip Away all the Layers and receive the message – Decoding/Deconstructing Advertising

paris j — Sun, 11 Oct 2009 06:20:19 +0000

Photo 2: This is a Fedex advertisement. What does it say to you?

Photo 1: This is an oil painting with two wealthy men surrounded by their expensive possessions. Ways of Seeing by John Berger p. 88

Photo 3: This is an advertisement promoting awareness of a cause. What do you grasp from this visual message?

Some things are just inevitable, no matter where we go, what we do, or what we say. When I say that I’m pretty sure plenty of different things within your life comes to mind, but I’m talking about advertisements, the inevitable power of marketing. Advertisements are the reason why we purchase 95% of our possessions and 5% because of personal wants and needs.

In the novel Ways of Seeing, the author John Berger expressed that visual persuasion and advertisement has been active since the 15th century through oil paintings. Ways of Seeing allows the reader to see how oil painting is very similar to visual advertisements we see today. “What distinguishes oil painting is its special ability to render the tangibility, the texture, the lustre, the solidity of what it depicts. It defines the real as that which you can put your hands on.” (Berger 88) Allowing the consumers to feel as though need what is being offered to their vision. If you look at photo 1, you will see that these two wealthy men have the wonderful, expensive products so the spectator will either believe if he has those products he can look as prestigious as those two men or the spectator will believe that if he is as prestigious as these two men he needs to have those expensive products to complete his package. Advertisements can give an illusion of what you want and need to consume. While the advertisements seep into your mind and possibly change your perception products, campaigns, and many more things. The power of advertisements are never obvious but highly inevitable. Advertisements allow you to ignore the present but acknowledge your future and your past so you see where you’re coming from, and where you are going so where you are at does not matter. ”It proposes to each of us that we transform ourselves, or our lives, by buying something more. This more, it proposes, will make us in some way richer – even though we will be poorer by having spent our money.” (Berger 131) Advertisements are sufficient because they build off of the everyday lifestyles of the majority of people for example things like food, cars, cosmetics etc.

We automatically get implicated into this marketing world, but it does keep the economy moving, it is still not understood how huge of an impact the visual media has on our everyday lives, and various decisions. I found two really cool advertisements that I want to analyze so I can expand on my knowledge on their general and specific purposes. Leave comments and tell me what you think about the following advertisements.

Looking at this Fedex advertisement (Photo 2) the first photo shows the whiteout as the paint to create the road lines that mark the area where pedestrians cross. The Fedex Slogan is “The world – on time”, Fedex is a courier company that transports many different things usually involving the corporate world. In the photos below there are two huge office supplies that are making traffic lines on the road to make transportation to operate smoothly, and I think that is to help emphasize the reliability and fluent ability of Fedex.

Not all advertisements are promoting a product but some enforce of awareness for causes that are of human interest. If you look at photo 3, you’ll see people wrapped up in meat containers, and covered in plastic wrap. This was an advertisement for a campaign against killing and eating animals, so humans were placed in meat containers found in grocery stores to stress the level of equality they were trying to portray.

What I have taken from this advertisement analysis is that it can promote the purchase of a product, or awareness to a specific cause. What did you take from this?

Work Cited

John., Berger,, and Et Al. Ways of Seeing (A Pelican Original). London: British Broadcasting Corp, 1972.